Porovnáni soustav veřejného osvětleníi se sodíkovými výbojkami a LED diodami – Část jedenáctá
Dimenzování osvětlovacích soustav
Při provozu osvětlovací soustavy dochází k jejímu stárnutí, které se projevuje poklesem vyzařovaného světelného toku. U soustav veřejného osvětlení je tento pokles způsoben jednak poklesem světelného toku světelných zdrojů a jednak zašpiněním svítidel. Vzhledem k tomu, že požadované světelně technické parametry na osvětlovaných komunikacích musí být zajištěny po celou dobu života, je třeba osvětlovací soustavy při jejím návrhu předimenzovat. Pokles světelného toku se u moderních sodíkových výbojek pohybuje do 10 %, u světelných diod je rozsah větší a pohybuje se v rozsahu od 10 % do 30 %.
Pokles světelného toku v důsledku zašpinění svítidel závisí na krytí svítidla (označení IP) a na znečištění ovzduší a intervalu čištění a pohybuje se v rozsahu od 10 % do 20 %. قوانين لعبة الروليت U moderních LED svítidel existuje funkce konstantního světelného
toku. Světelné diody jsou na začátku provozu napájeny nižším proudem; s narůstajícím počtem provozních hodin se tento proud postupně zvyšuje tak, aby byl výstupní světelný tok diod konstantní. كيف تربح المال بسرعة Touto funkcí lze ušetřit přibližně 10 % elektrické energie – příkon osvětlovací soustavy při zahájení provozu soustavy bude nižší než na konci doby života. Nicméně při návrhu osvětlovací soustavy je třeba u LED svítidel s funkcí konstantního světelného toku počítat s poklesem světelného toku vlivem zašpinění svítidel.
Údržba
Vzhledem k tomu, že doba života světelných diod i předřadných zařízení je u kvalitních LED svítidel v porovnání s výbojkovými svítidly významně delší, lze očekávat i nižší náklady na údržbu LED svítidel. Nicméně i LED svítidla vyžadují svoji údržbu, do které patří například čištění svítidel nebo jejich revize. Poměrně často se objevující slovní spojení „bezúdržbová LED svítidla“ jsou především marketingovým sloganem, který neodpovídá reálné situaci.
Ekonomika
Při posuzování vhodnosti použití LED svítidel ve veřejném osvětlení je třeba vycházet z konkrétní situace. Pokud je cílem snížit energetickou náročnost osvětlovací soustavy prostou výměnou zastaralých výbojkových svítidel, pak při použití
moderních svítidel pro vysokotlaké sodíkové výbojky je návratnost v porovnání s kvalitními LED svítidly stále kratší, a to i v případech, kdy provozní náklady u LED svítidel jsou již podstatně nižší. Je to dáno výrazně vyšší cenou LED svítidel.
Pokud však obec získá investiční prostředky z dotačního titulu, je možné z pohledu obce „uměle“ zkrátit návratnost soustavy LED svítidel na akceptovatelnou úroveň. Čím je obnova osvětlovací soustavy komplexnější, tedy pokud zahrnuje
i výměnu stožárů, případně i kabeláže nebo je součástí revitalizace části městského prostoru, je rozdíl v investičních nákladech na soustavu s výbojkovými svítidly a LED svítidly výrazně menší. V takové situaci není při volbě osvětlovací soustavy návratnost hlavním kritériem, ale uplatňují se i další hlediska, například estetická. سباق الخيل مباشر
zdroj: SEVn, Středisko pro efektivní využívání energie
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